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EMMA GOLDMAN Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 2, April 1906 Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature

Belletristik
Englisch
21613 Wörter
Ab 18 Jahren
2
0

Emma Goldman (June 27 [O.S. June 15], 1869 – May 14, 1940) was an anarchist known for her [mehr]

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WALT WHITMAN Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 3, May 1906 Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature

Belletristik
Englisch
22653 Wörter
Ab 18 Jahren
2
0

Walter "Walt" Whitman (/ˈhwɪtmən/; May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. [mehr]

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ALEXANDER BERKMAN Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 4, June 1906 Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature

Belletristik
Englisch
21974 Wörter
Ab 18 Jahren
2
0

Alexander Berkman (November 21, 1870 – June 28, 1936) was an anarchist known for his political activism and [mehr]

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Desiderius Erasmus Against War

Philosophie
Englisch
22582 Wörter
Keine Altersempfehlung
727
2

Erasmus considers war to be an unmitigated evil, which should only be turned to as a last resort. Erasmus asserts the pacificist democratic argument which is popular in the Age of Enlightenment and with modern liberals that wars are not the desire of the common man. The implication is the traditional structures of power were overturned, and politics were more democratic, wars would cease. Leaders should not turn to counsel from those who have an interest in war, arms dealers, and the inexperienced who find war attractive, but to "older men renowned by their mercy and benevolence." Erasmus recognizes that there are a plurality of motivations to war: desire for power, envy, greed, and so on, but he is curious as to its metaphysical status. Warring seems to be unique to humanity, he notes. Comparing humans with animals, beasts are quite benign in their affairs, yet humans are apt to put thousands on the battlefield with the aim of killing and destroying. [mehr]

Stichwörter: against war, erasmus, political philosophy, social science, ethics

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James Gerard The Garden Club

Science Fiction
Englisch
54686 Wörter
Ab 16 Jahren
173
1

The war to end all wars brought about a change in the world. Governments and their madness that brought the Earth to the brink of total destruction, have been wiped out and corporations now rule. In order to appease the new world citizens, the new corporate rule kept certain things of nature intact, things considered once vital but now seen as wasteful. One of these natural splendors is San Diego's Rain Forest Park. But over the years, the new corporate rule has been eliminating such leftover wonders. The park is now the last bit of rain forest that the corporate rule allowed to exist, but certain corporations want the space back. Pressuring the Governor, a remnant of rule of the past kept alive to appease the new world citizens and who is the sole authority as to its future, a decision to its closure and transference to one of the corporations is demanded. For Hal, manager of San Diego's Rain Forest Park, and his friend and coworker Ron, this means their world is coming to an end. The Governor's decision over the fate of the park will come after a tour in which the representative of the Meat Council, Hal's brother Kenneth; a representative of the Board of Realtors; and the Air Commissioner, the main three corporate entities each seeking the park for their control and profit. Before that decision is made, the Governor dies. Hal believes that he is being blamed for the death. He and Ron escape, but to where they just do not know. What will happen to the Rain Forest Park? Where did Hal and his friend Ron end up at in their mad dash to freedom? The answers can be found at The Garden Club. [mehr]

Stichwörter: corporate rule, broken promises, mistrust, change, schemes, escape, friendship, relationships, rain forest, science fiction, social science

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Thomas More Thomas More’s Utopia

Sozialwissenschaft
Englisch
43456 Wörter
Ab 8 Jahren
329
2

Utopia is a work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs. There is no private property on Utopia, with goods being stored in warehouses and people requesting what they need. There are also no locks on the doors of the houses, which are rotated between the citizens every ten years. Agriculture is the most important job on the island. Every person is taught it and must live in the countryside, farming for two years at a time, with women doing the same work as men. Parallel to this, every citizen must learn at least one of the other essential trades: weaving (mainly done by the women), carpentry, metalsmithing and masonry. There is deliberate simplicity about these trades; for instance, all people wear the same types of simple clothes and there are no dressmakers making fine apparel. All able-bodied citizens must work; thus unemployment is eradicated, and the length of the working day can be minimised: the people only have to work six hours a day (although many willingly work for longer). More does allow scholars in his society to become the ruling officials or priests, people picked during their primary education for their ability to learn. All other citizens are however encouraged to apply themselves to learning in their leisure time. Slavery is a feature of Utopian life and it is reported that every household has two slaves. The slaves are either from other countries or are the Utopian criminals. These criminals are weighed down with chains made out of gold. The gold is part of the community wealth of the country, and fettering criminals with it or using it for shameful things like chamber pots gives the citizens a healthy dislike of it. It also makes it difficult to steal as it is in plain view. The wealth, though, is of little importance and is only good for buying commodities from foreign nations or bribing these nations to fight each other. Slaves are periodically released for good behaviour. Jewels are worn by children, who finally give them up as they mature. Other significant innovations of Utopia include: a welfare state with free hospitals, euthanasia permissible by the state, priests being allowed to marry, divorce permitted, premarital sex punished by a lifetime of enforced celibacy and adultery being punished by enslavement. Meals are taken in community dining halls and the job of feeding the population is given to a different household in turn. Although all are fed the same, Raphael explains that the old and the administrators are given the best of the food. Travel on the island is only permitted with an internal passport and any people found without a passport are, on a first occasion, returned in disgrace, but after a second offence they are placed in slavery. In addition, there are no lawyers and the law is made deliberately simple, as all should understand it. [mehr]

Stichwörter: utopia, thomas more, political philosophy, politics, social science, political science, satire, fiction

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john Stuart Mill On Liberty

Politikwissenschaft
Englisch
47798 Wörter
Ab 8 Jahren
294
2

On Liberty is a philosophical work by English philosopher John Stuart Mill, originally intended as a short essay. The work applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and the state. Mill attempts to establish standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. He emphasizes the importance of individuality which he conceived as a prerequisite to the higher pleasures—the summum bonum of Utilitarianism. Furthermore, Mill criticised the errors of past attempts to defend individuality where, for example, democratic ideals resulted in the "tyranny of the majority". Among the standards established in this work are Mill's three basic liberties of individuals, his three legitimate objections to government intervention, and his two maxims regarding the relationship of the individual to society "which together form the entire doctrine of [Mill's] Essay." On Liberty was a greatly influential and well received work though it did not go without criticism. Some attacked it for its apparent discontinuity with Utilitarianism, while others criticised its vagueness. The ideas presented in On Liberty have remained the basis of much liberal political thought. It has remained in print continuously since its initial publication. To this day, a copy of On Liberty is passed to the president of the British Liberal Democrats as a symbol of office. A copy of the same book is also presented to and then held by the resident of the Liberal Party as a symbol of office. [mehr]

Stichwörter: on liberty, john stuart mill, political philosophy, politics, social science, freedom and justice, utilitarianism

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John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism

Philosophie
Englisch
27103 Wörter
Ab 8 Jahren
253
2

John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher, political economist and civil servant. He was an influential contributor to social theory, political theory and political economy. He has been called "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century". Mill's conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsifiability as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy. [mehr]

Stichwörter: utilitarianism, john stuart mill, philosophy, science, political philosophy, social science, political economy

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Jean Jacques Rousseau Emile

Philosophie
Englisch
251886 Wörter
Ab 8 Jahren
309
2

Emile is a treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered it to be the “best and most important of all my writings”. Due to a section of the book entitled “Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar,” Emile was banned in Paris and Geneva and was publicly burned in 1762, the year of its first publication. During the French Revolution, Emile served as the inspiration for what became a new national system of education. The work tackles fundamental political and philosophical questions about the relationship between the individual and society— how, in particular, the individual might retain what Rousseau saw as innate human goodness while remaining part of a corrupting collectivity. Its opening sentence: “Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the Author of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man.” Rousseau seeks to describe a system of education that would enable the natural man he identifies in The Social Contract to survive corrupt society He employs the novelistic device of Emile and his tutor to illustrate how such an ideal citizen might be educated. Emile is scarcely a detailed parenting guide but it does contain some specific advice on raising children.[5] It is regarded by some as the first philosophy of education in Western culture to have a serious claim to completeness [mehr]

Stichwörter: emile, on education, rousseau, educational philosophy, philosophy, social science, philosophical novel, french history

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Matthew Arnold Culture and Anarchy

Essay
Englisch
56234 Wörter
Keine Altersempfehlung
497
2

Culture and Anarchy is a series of essays by Matthew Arnold. According to his view advanced in the book, "Culture is a study of perfection". His often quoted phrase "[culture is] the best which has been thought and said" comes from the Preface to Culture and Anarchy: The whole scope of the essay is to recommend culture as the great help out of our present difficulties; culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world, and, through this knowledge, turning a stream of fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits, which we now follow staunchly but mechanically, vainly imagining that there is a virtue in following them staunchly which makes up for the mischief of following them mechanically. The book contains most of the terms - culture, sweetness and light, Barbarian, Philistine, Hebraism, and many others - which are more associated with Arnold's work influence. [mehr]

Stichwörter: culture and anarchy, matthew arnold, essays, history, politics, psychology, literature and art, humanities, civilization, social science, philosophy, cultural studies

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