Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences
English Sentence Forms
Dedication
THIS BOOK IS
DEDICATED
TO THOSE
WHO REALIZE
THE POWER OF ENGLISH
AND WANT TO
LEARN IT
SINCERELY
Copyright Notice
All rights reserved. Please note that the content in this book is protected under copyright law. This book is for your personal use only. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author.
Copyright Holder -- Manik Joshi
License -- Standard Copyright License
Year of Publication -- 2014
[Revised Edition -- 22-Sep-2020]
Email -- manik85joshi@gmail.com
Sentence Forms
English sentences could be categorized as follows:
- Simple Sentence
- Compound Sentence
- Complex Sentence
- Compound-Complex Sentence [Mixed Sentence]
IMPORTANT TERMS
To understand these forms, you must know the following important terms:
SUBJECT
The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about is called subject.
Subject may also have an attribute.
Example:
My colleague bought hundred books from online book stores.
In this sentence, ‘colleague’ is a subject, while ‘my’ is an attribute.
PREDICATE
The part which tells something about the subject is called predicate.
Predicate may have verb, direct object, indirect object, complement, etc.
Example:
My colleague bought hundred books from online book stores.
In this sentence, ‘bought hundred books from online book stores’ is the predicate of the sentence.
VERB
A word or group of words that expresses an action, event, or a state is called verb.
Example:
My colleague bought hundred books from online book stores.
In this sentence, ‘bought’ is a verb.
PHRASE
A group of words that does not have a subject and a verb is called phrase. A phrase makes sense, but not complete sense. Phrases may be classified as follows:
Adjective Phrase:
A group of words that does the work of an adjective is called an adjective phrase. Thus, adjective phrase describes person or thing.
Examples:
Adjective phrase – a person with having a lot of influence [adjective – an influential person]
Adjective phrase – a chair made of wood [adjective – a wooden chair]
Adjective phrase – a horse with a black skin [adjective – a black horse]
Adverb Phrase:
A group of words that does the work of an adverb is called an adverb phrase. Thus, adverb phrase describes adjective, phrase, or anther adverb.
Examples:
Adverb phrase – at that place [adverb – there]
Adverb phrase – at this place [adverb – here]
Adverb phrase – in a comfortable manner [adverb – comfortably]
Adverb phrase – in a suitable manner [adverb – suitably]
Adverb phrase – in a surprising way [adverb – surprisingly]
Adverb phrase – in a way that you would expect [adverb – naturally]
Adverb phrase – in an efficient manner [adverb – efficiently]
Noun Phrase:
A group of words that does the work of a noun is called a noun phrase. Thus, noun phrase does the work as a subject, an object, a complement, or as the object of the preposition.
Examples:
Noun phrase – I spoke to the president of the country. [noun – president]
Noun phrase – My decision to forgive him was hailed by my family members. [noun – decision]
CLAUSE
A group of words which forms part of sentence, and contains a subject and a predicate is called a clause. Clauses may be classified as follows:
Adjective Clause:
An adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective.
Example:
They live in the house which has three stories.
In this sentence – ‘which has three stories’ is an adjective clause.
Adverb Clause:
An adverb clause is a group of words which contains a subject and predicate of its own, and does the work of an adverb.
Example:
After they came, we left.
In this sentence – ‘After they came’ is an adverb clause.
Noun Clause:
A noun clause is a group of words which contains a subject and predicate of its own, and does the work of a noun.
Example:
They know who won the competition.
In this sentence – ‘who won the competition’ is a noun clause.
BASED ON DEPENDENCY, CLAUSES ARE OF TWO TYPES:
Independent or Principal Clause [Main Clause]:
An independent clause has a subject and a predicate. It can stand on its own. It makes sense all by itself. So, it is a complete sentence in itself.
Example:
We hired a taxi for the stadium.
This sentence has a subject ‘we’ and a predicate ‘hired a taxi for the stadium’. This sentence can stand on its own. It is a simple sentence.
Dependent or Subordinate Clause:
A dependent clause also has a subject and a predicate. However, it cannot stand on its own. It does not make sense by itself. So, it is dependent on independent clause to make complete sense.
Example:
As we got off the bus
This clause has a subject ‘we’ and a predicate ‘got off the bus’; but this clause is unable to stand on its own. It needs independent clause to make complete sense.
Now, combine both these clauses –
As we got off the bus, we hired a taxi for the stadium.
This sentence has both independent and dependent clauses, and stands on its own.
Note: Types of Dependent Clause: (a). Adjective Clause, (b). Adverb Clause, (c). Noun Clause.
Simple Sentence
A sentence which has one subject and one predicate is called simple sentence. A simple sentence is always an independent clause. A simple sentence expresses a complete thought.
Examples:
We attended the class.
[subject – we; predicate – attended the class]
They are busy.
[subject – they; predicate – are busy]
She is innocent.
[subject – she; predicate – is innocent]
He completed his graduation.
[subject – he; predicate – completed his graduation]
They opened bank accounts.
[subject – they; predicate – opened bank accounts]
Our committee awarded him for his outstanding performance.
[subject – our committee; predicate – awarded him for his outstanding performance]
IMPORTANT NOTES:
‘Compound subject’ in a simple sentence
[Two subjects | One verb]
Example:
David and harry won the competition.
[subject – David and Harry; verb – won]
[Note – There are two subjects in this sentence. (So, this is called ‘compound subject’)]
‘Compound verb’ in a simple sentence
[One subject | Two verbs]
Example:
He wrote and sang a song.
[subject – he; verb – wrote and sang]
[Note – There are two verbs in this simple sentence. (So, this is called ‘compound verb’)]
‘Compound subject’ and ‘compound verb’ in a simple sentence
[Two subjects | Two verbs]
Example:
Clark and Tom jogged and swam.
[subject – Clark and Tom; verb – jogged and swam]
[Note – There are both ‘compound subject’ and ‘compound verb’ in this simple sentence.]
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined together by (a). coordinating conjunctions, (b). correlative conjunctions or (c). transitional expressions (transitional words or phrases).
Following is the brief description of coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions and transitional expressions:
(A). Coordinating conjunctions [Also known as ‘Coordinators] –
They are used to merely connect independent clauses of equal importance.
There are SEVEN coordinating conjunctions in English -
- and -- used to express a relationship of ‘addition’
- but -- used to express a relationship of ‘contrast’
- for -- used to express a relationship of ‘effect-cause’
- nor -- used to express a relationship of ‘negative addition’
- or -- used to express a relationship of ‘alternative’
- so -- used to express a relationship of ‘cause-effect’
- yet -- used to express a relationship of ‘contrast’
To remember these words, you should remember an acronym ‘FANBOYS’. Acronym ‘FANBOYS’ is made up of the first letters of the names of the seven coordinators For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.
Examples:
He participated in the national games, and she fought the general election.
We played football, but they watched movie.
He studied grammar, for he wanted to improve his English.
He didn’t read a book, nor did he write a letter.
He will go for a stroll in the park, or he will stay at home.
He was thirsty, so he drank water.
I had invited him, yet he didn’t attend the function.
(B). Correlative conjunctions [Also known as “Paired Coordinators”] –
They are used in “pairs” and join words, phrases, and independent clauses which are grammatically equal. They are separated in a sentence but work together to perform a single function.
Following are the most common correlative conjunctions that are used to join independent clauses in compound sentences:
- although….yet
- not only….but also
- either….or
- neither….nor
Examples:
Although he is quite old, yet he is still very active.
Christina is not only a bright student, but she is also a good player.
They are either incompetent, or they simply don't want to do it.
I am neither his supporter, nor do I know him.
(C). Transitional Expressions
Transitional Expressions are used to provide a connection between sentences or paragraphs. The word transition literally means passing from one subject to another. Thus, transitional expressions show the logical relationships between ideas. They help to make a piece of writing flow better.
NOTE: Joining two independent clauses with a coordinating or correlating conjunction implies that they are part of the same idea. While, joining two independent clauses with a transitional expression (transitional words or phrases) implies that they are NOT part of the same idea. Instead, there is a specific and logical relationship between two independent clauses.
There are two types of transitional expressions: (1). Transitional words, (2). Transitional phrases
(C1). Transitional Words
[There are numerous transitional words that are used to link or join two or more clauses. Functioning as transitional words, Conjunctive Adverbs are commonly used to join independent clauses in compound sentences. Adverbs that are used as conjunctions are called “conjunctive adverbs”.]
(C2). Transitional Phrases
[Transitional phrases are formed of ‘group of words’ and are used to join independent clauses in compound sentences]
List of Useful ‘Transitional Words’ and ‘Transitional Words’ Based on Logical Relationship They Express. [Important Note: A particular transitional word or phrase may express more than one logical relationship]:
(a). Logical relationship: ‘Addition’
Transitional Words: additionally / again / alternatively / besides / further / incidentally / indeed / moreover
Transitional Phrases: above all / above and beyond / apart from / as a matter of fact / as well / as well as / coupled with / equally important / following this / in addition / in point of fact / in the same way / last but not least / let alone / over and above
(b). Logical relationship: ‘Cause and Effect’
Transitional Words: accordingly / consequently / hence / henceforth / therefore
Transitional Phrases: as a consequence / as a result / because of / by reason of / due to / following that / for the reason that / for this / forasmuch as / in consequence of / in view of / on account of / on the basis of
(c). Logical relationship: ‘Concession’
Transitional Words: regardless / nonetheless / however / blissfully / awhile / besides
Transitional Phrases: after all / all the same / at any rate / even so / in spite of / nevertheless / no doubt / of course / on the other hand
(d). Logical relationship: ‘Condition’
Transition Phrases: granting that / on the condition that / providing that
(e). Logical relationship: ‘Consequence (Result)’
Transitional Words: accordingly / consequently / hence / incidentally / otherwise / sadly / subsequently / thereby / therefore / thereupon / thus
Transitional Phrases: as a consequence / as a result / because of this / in consequence / on this account / so much so that / that’s why
(f). Logical relationship: ‘Contrast’
Transitional Words: anyhow / anyway / contrarily / conversely / fortunately / however / instead / ironically / meanwhile / nevertheless / nonetheless / notwithstanding / rather / though
Transitional Phrases: above all / after all / as compared with (or ‘to’) / at the same time / by contrast / contrary to / despite this (or that) / in contrast / in opposition to / in reality / in spite of / on the contrary / on the other hand / then again
(g). Logical relationship: ‘Dismissal’
Transitional Phrases: all the same / either way / in any case / whatever happens
(h). Logical relationship: ‘Illustration’
Transitional Words: chiefly / especially / including / namely / notably / specifically
Transitional Phrases: as an example / as an illustration / by way of example / by way of illustration / for example / for instance / furthermore / in a similar way / in particular / on top of that
(i). Logical relationship: ‘Emphasis’
Transitional Words: actually / certainly / decidedly / definitely / indeed / moreover / particularly / primarily / specifically / surely
Transitional Phrases: above all / after all / as a matter of fact / equally important / first and foremost / furthermore / in a first / in fact / more emphatically / more importantly / without a doubt / without question
(j). Logical relationship: ‘Exception’
Transitional Words: excepting / excluding / however
Transitional Phrases: aside from / besides this / nevertheless
(k). Logical relationship: ‘Explanation’
Transitional Words: explicitly / expressly / unfortunately
Transitional Phrases: even more / in fact / in the first place / more exactly / to clarify / to put it another way / to put it differently
(l). Logical relationship: ‘Generalization’
Transitional Words: customarily / generally / ordinarily / principally / typically / usually
Transitional Phrases: as a rule / by and large / for the most part / generally speaking / in simpler terms / more often than not / on the whole
(m). Logical relationship: ‘Location’
Transitional Words: alongside / hereupon / nearby / throughout
Transitional Phrases: at this / from there / in the center / in the foreground / on the far side / on the left near / on the opposite side / on the other side / on the right next / on the way down / up to this point /
(n). Logical relationship: ‘Purpose’
Transitional Phrases: for the purpose of / in order to / in the hope that / with this in mind / with this intention
(o). Logical relationship: ‘Quantifier’
Transitional Words: evenly / nearly / several / some
Transitional Phrases: a bit of / a couple of / a few / a great deal of / a lot of / a number of / a quantity of / almost all / at least / at most / at the minimum / little by little / none of the / not much / perhaps even less / perhaps even more / plenty of
(p). Logical relationship: ‘Reference’
Transitional Words: considering / regarding
Transitional Phrases: as for / given that / in view of
(q). Logical relationship: ‘Sequence’
Transitional Words: additionally / afterward / at last / concurrently / finally / furthermore / initially / lastly / later / moreover / secondly
Transitional Phrases: after that / at the beginning / at the end / at the onset / followed by / following that / from this point / in addition / in the end / in the first place / in the last place / in the same way / in the second place / in the third place / in turn / later on / on the next occasion / subsequently
(r). Logical relationship: ‘Similarity’
Transitional Words: equally / correspondingly / equivalently / likewise / similarly
Transitional Phrases: along the same lines / by comparison / in a like manner / in a similar fashion / in line with / in the same way
(s). Logical relationship: ‘Summary’
Transitional Words: briefly / eventually / finally / lastly / obviously / overall
Transitional Phrases: as a result / at last / by and large / in brief / in conclusion / in essence / in short / in sum / in summary / in the end / in the final analysis
(t). Logical relationship: ‘Time’
Transitional Words: afterward / finally / following / hereafter / immediately / instantly / later / meantime / meanwhile / occasionally / nowadays / periodically / sometimes / suddenly / thereafter / thenceforth
Transitional Phrases: a minute later / a moment ago / a week later / after a few days / after a / at present / at this instant / for a split second / for the time being / from then on / in a jiffy / in a little while / in a moment / in a short time / in retrospect / in the end / in the future / later on / on the following day / since then / soon after / until then
PUNCTUATION RULES
(A). Punctuation Rules: coordinating conjunction
You should use a comma (,) before a coordinating conjunction to connect independent clauses.
Pattern: independent clause + comma + coordinator + independent clause
Example: He won the competition, but he was not satisfied with his performance.
Note: You may omit the comma before the conjunction in FORMAL writing.
Example: He won the competition but he was not satisfied with his performance.
Note: You may omit the comma before the conjunction if independent clauses are short.
Example: She studied but he played.
Note: You can also skip using coordinating conjunction and instead use a semicolon (;) to join two independent clauses.
Example: He won the competition; he was not satisfied with his performance.
Example: She studied; he played.
However, a semi-colon should be used only where ideas are very closely related--
Example: I can defeat him; he cannot defeat me.
Note - Never join two independent clauses with a comma alone.
(B). Punctuation Rules: correlative conjunction
You should use a comma (,) before the second part to connect two independent clauses.
Pattern: correlative word + independent clause + comma + correlative word + independent clause
Example: Although he won the competition, yet he was not satisfied with his performance.
(C). Punctuation Rules: transitional words or phrases
You should use a semicolon (;) before a transitional words or phrases to connect independent clauses. In addition, transitional words or phrases should be followed by a comma (,).
Pattern: independent clause + semicolon + transitional word or phrase + comma + independent clause
Example: He won the competition; however, he was not satisfied with his performance.
Other Examples:
I will go to office after two hours; meanwhile, I will read the novel.
He didn’t tell me his home address; on the contrary, he asked me for my home address.
Compound sentences may have two or more independent clauses –
- Compound sentence having two independent clauses or simple sentences
Examples:
David joined party, and Henry studied English.
David joined party, but Henry studied English.
David joined party, so Henry studied English.
David joined party, yet Henry studied English.
There are two independent clauses in the above sentences –
David joined party. [subject – David; predicate – joined party]
Henry studied English. [subject – Henry; predicate – studied English]
Coordinators (‘and, but, so, yet’) have been used to join these clauses.
Thus, there are two independent clauses in a single sentence. [Compound sentence]
Note – When there are two independent clauses in compound sentence, it is also called a ‘Double Sentence’.
Another Example:
He was intelligent, yet he couldn’t get the first rank.
There are two independent clauses in this sentence:
He was intelligent. [subject – He; predicate – was intelligent]
He couldn’t get the first rank. [subject – He; predicate – couldn’t get the first rank.]
Coordinator (‘yet’) has been used to join these clauses.
Thus, there are two independent clauses in a single sentence. [Compound sentence]
- Compound sentence having more than two independent clauses or simple sentences
Example:
Mark studied for sex hours, and George played for five hours, yet Jimmy sang for three hours, and Bill walked for two hours.
There are four independent clauses in this sentence:
Mark studied for six hours.
George played for five hours.
Jimmy sang for three hours.
Bill ran for two hours.
Coordinator (‘and’, yet) has been used to join these clauses.
Thus, there are four independent clauses in a single sentence. [Compound sentence]
Note – When there are more than two independent clauses in a compound sentence, it is also called a ‘Multiple Sentence’.
Another Example:
I read the novel, and I watched the movie, but I didn’t write anything.
There are three independent clauses in this sentence.
I read the novel.
I watched the movie.
I didn’t write anything.
Coordinators (‘and, but’) have been used to join these clauses.
Thus, there are three Independent clauses in a single sentence. [Compound sentence]
Important Note
Compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. Sentences may contain coordinating conjunctions and not be compound.
I have given the following examples in the ‘Simple Sentence’ section:
David and harry won the competition.
He wrote and sang a song.
Clark and Tom jogged and swam.
Here, coordinating conjunction ‘and’ has been used merely to join two words (two subjects or two verbs).
While in a compound sentence, coordinating conjunction ‘and’ is used to join two independent clauses.
Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains an independent clause joined by one or more dependent or subordinate clauses. Dependent (subordinate) clause begins with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun. In other words, a complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction (subordinator) or a relative pronoun.
Clauses in a complex sentence are not structurally equal. They express related thoughts. Subordinators or relative pronouns are used not only to connect these clauses but also to show the ‘clear and specific relationship’ between the clauses. In other words, subordinator or relative pronoun show how one clause (dependent or subordinate clause) is dependent on other. The two parts are no longer of equal importance.
Following is the brief description of subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns:
(A). Subordinating conjunctions [Also known as ‘Subordinators] –
Subordinators may be classified according to their meaning (logical relationship), as follows:-
(a). Subordinating Conjunctions [Cause or Reason]:
as
because
considering (that)
in order (that)
since
so (that)
that
why
(b). Subordinating Conjunctions [Comparison]:
as much as
rather than
than
whereas
whether
(c). Subordinating Conjunctions [Concession]:
although
as
as though
even though
except
just as
though
whereas
while
(d). Subordinating Conjunctions [Condition]:
assuming (that)
even if
if
in case (that)
lest
only if
provided (that)
unless
until
whether
whether or not
(e). Subordinating Conjunctions [Consequence or Result]:
that
(f). Subordinating Conjunctions [Manner]:
as
if
as though
how
(g). Subordinating Conjunctions [Place]:
whence
where
wherever
(h). Subordinating Conjunctions [Purpose]:
in order (that)
so
so that
that
(i). Subordinating Conjunctions [Time]:
after
as
as long as
as soon as
before
by the time
now that
once
since
still
till (or until)
when
whenever
while
Following words are also subordinating conjunctions:
wherein [Meaning: in which]
whereby [Meaning: by which]
wherewith [Meaning: with which]
wherefore [Meaning: for which]
Punctuation Rules: Subordinating conjunction
Subordinator could be used in the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. When you begin sentence with subordinator, you should use comma (,) before beginning second clause. If you put subordinator in the middle of the sentence, you don’t need to use comma before second clause. In Other Words - When ‘dependent clause’ comes first, you should separate the clauses with a comma. When ‘independent clause’ comes first, you don’t need to use a comma.
Pattern: subordinate clause + comma + independent clause
Complex Sentence: Examples [using subordinating conjunctions]
Example 1:
After he completed his post-graduation, he applied for the job. Or
He applied for the job after he completed his post-graduation.
Independent clause – He applied for the job.
Dependent clause – After he completed his post-graduation. [This sentence cannot stand on its own.]
Example 2:
When her mother arrived at home, she was singing. Or
She was singing when her mother arrived at home.
Independent clause – She was singing.
Dependent clause – When her mother arrived at home. [This sentence cannot stand on its own.]
Example 3:
If you help me in this hour of crisis, I will help you later. Or
I will help you later if you help me in this hour of crisis.
Independent clause – I will help you later.
Dependent clause – If you help me in this hour of crisis. [This sentence cannot stand on its own.]
(B). RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
A relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. That, Which, Who, Whom, and Whose are relative pronouns that are commonly used in complex sentences. “Which” is more formal than ‘that’
Following is the complete list of relative pronouns:
- that
- what
- whatever
- whatsoever
- which
- whichever
- who
- whoever
- whom
- whomever
- whomsoever
- whose
- whoso
- whosoever
Complex Sentence: Examples [using relative pronouns]
Example 1:
Complex Sentence – She has a house that looks like a palace.
Independent clause – She has a house.
Dependent clause – That looks like a palace. [This sentence cannot stand on its own.]
Example 2:
Complex Sentence – This is the book which I bought for him.
Independent clause – This is the book.
Dependent clause – Which I bought for him. [This sentence cannot stand on its own.]
Example 3:
Complex Sentences – School administration praised the boy who won the first prize.
Independent clause – School administration praised the boy.
Dependent clause – Who won the first prize. [This sentence cannot stand on its own.]
Example 4:
Complex Sentences – He entered the building whose windows were broken.
Independent clause – He entered the building.
Dependent clause – Whose windows were broken. [This sentence cannot stand on its own.]
IMPORTANT NOTE: Difference between Subordinating Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns:
Relative Pronouns act as the subject of a dependent clause.
Subordinating conjunctions are followed by the subject of their clause.
Compound-Complex Sentence
A mixed sentence or compound-complex sentence is a type of complex sentence in which there is more than one independent clause joined by one or more dependent or subordinate clauses. Thus, a mixed sentence is the combination of compound sentence and subordinate clause. Sometimes, complex sentence is connected with simple sentence. Sometimes, there is more than one complex sentence.
Thus, three situations are possible:
- Mixed Sentence Having A Subordinate Clause And A Compound Sentence.
Example:
Even though he won the competition, he didn’t organize the party, but his father bought him a laptop.
There is one subordinate clause and a compound sentence.
Subordinate Clause – Even though he won the competition.
Compound Sentence – He didn’t organize the party, but his father bought him a laptop.
[Two Independent Clauses – He didn’t organize the party. His father bought him a laptop.]
- Mixed Sentence Having A Simple And A Complex Sentence.
Example:
I entered the class after teacher came, but my classmate didn’t join the class.
Here, first part is a complex sentence. Second part is a simple sentence.
Complex Sentence – I entered the class after teacher came.
[Independent Clause – I entered the class. Subordinate Clause – After teacher came.]
Simple Sentence (Independent Clause) – My classmate didn’t join the class [subject – classmate, predicate – didn’t join the class]
- Mixed Sentence Having More Than One Complex Sentence.
Example:
I will go to market when I finish my work, and he will go to playground when he completes his duty.
Here both the clauses are complex sentences.
Complex Sentence 1:
I will go to market when I finish my work
[Independent Clause – I will go to market. Subordinate Clause – when I finish my work.]
Complex Sentence 2:
He will go to playground when he completes his duty.
[Independent Clause – He will go to playground. Subordinate Clause – when he completes his duty.]
Sentence Forms - Comparison
Based on the use of independent and dependent clause; simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences could be compared as follows:
Simple sentence –
One independent clause
Compound sentence –
Two or more independent clauses
Complex sentence –
One independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses
Compound-Complex sentence (Mixed Sentence) –
Two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause
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About the Author
Manik Joshi was born on January 26, 1979 at Ranikhet, a picturesque town in the Kumaon region of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. He is permanent resident of the Sheeshmahal area of Kathgodam located in the city of Haldwani in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in India. He completed his schooling in four different schools. He is a science graduate in the ZBC – zoology, botany, and chemistry – subjects. He is also an MBA with a specialization in marketing. Additionally, he holds diplomas in “computer applications”, “multimedia and web-designing”, and “computer hardware and networking”. During his schooldays, he wanted to enter the field of medical science; however, after graduation he shifted his focus to the field of management. After obtaining his MBA, he enrolled in a computer education center; he became so fascinated with working on the computer that he decided to develop his career in this field. Over the following years, he worked at some computer-related full-time jobs. Following that, he became interested in Internet Marketing, particularly in domaining (business of buying and selling domain names), web design (creating websites), and various other online jobs. However, later he shifted his focus solely to self-publishing. Manik is a nature-lover. He has always been fascinated by overcast skies. He is passionate about traveling and enjoys solo-travel most of the time rather than traveling in groups. He is actually quite a loner who prefers to do his own thing. He likes to listen to music, particularly when he is working on the computer. Reading and writing are definitely his favorite pastimes, but he has no interest in sports. Manik has always dreamed of a prosperous life and prefers to live a life of luxury. He has a keen interest in politics because he believes it is politics that decides everything else. He feels a sense of gratification sharing his experiences and knowledge with the outside world. However, he is an introvert by nature and thus gives prominence to only a few people in his personal life. He is not a spiritual man, yet he actively seeks knowledge about the metaphysical world; he is particularly interested in learning about life beyond death. In addition to writing academic/informational text and fictional content, he also maintains a personal diary. He has always had a desire to stand out from the crowd. He does not believe in treading the beaten path and avoids copying someone else’s path to success. Two things he always refrains from are smoking and drinking; he is a teetotaler and very health-conscious. He usually wakes up before the sun rises. He starts his morning with meditation and exercise. Fitness is an integral and indispensable part of his life. He gets energized by solving complex problems. He loves himself the way he is and he loves the way he looks. He doesn’t believe in following fashion trends. He dresses according to what suits him and what he is comfortable in. He believes in taking calculated risks. His philosophy is to expect the best but prepare for the worst. According to him, you can’t succeed if you are unwilling to fail. For Manik, life is about learning from mistakes and figuring out how to move forward.
Website: http://www.manikjoshi.com | Email: manik85joshi@gmail.com
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Texte: Manik Joshi
Lektorat: Manik Joshi
Tag der Veröffentlichung: 02.04.2014
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THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO THOSE WHO REALIZE THE POWER OF ENGLISH AND WANT TO LEARN IT SINCERELY