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Note: This eBook is a guide and serves as a first guide. In addition, please get expert advice.

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Eny Lestari Widarni & Alejandra García-Ochoa Mora

 

 

How to Understand and Develop Humans

Based on Psychology and Management Perspectives for Better Human Resources and Organizational Performance

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2021

Janega Press

Malang, East Java, Indonesia

Copy Right

 How to Understand and Develop Humans

Based on Psychology and Management Perspectives for Better Human Resources and Organizational Performance

 

© Janega Press

Malang 2021

136 pages, 8.5 inch x 11 inch

ISBN :

 

Author : Dr. Eny Lestari Widarni (Indonesia), Alejandra García-Ochoa Mora (Spain)

Editor : Lilik Sumarsih (Indonesia)

Layout : Alex Norish (German)

Cover Design : Alejandro Gonzalo (Spain)

Photo Cover: Monika Kocman (Slovenia)

Translator : Alejandro Gonzalo (Spain)

Photos and Illustrations :

Anete Lusina (United Kongdom), Anthony Shkraba (Belarus),  Christina Morillo (USA), Monika Kocman (Slovenia), Nathan Cowley (Australia), Pavel Danilyuk (Belarus), Sora Shimazaki (Japan).

 

Published on August 26, 2021

In Malang

 

 

By

Janega Press

Jl. R. Tumenggung Suryo No.17, Bunulrejo, District. Blimbing, Malang City, East Java 65123

Indonesia

Website : stiekn.ac.id

Email : enylestariwidarnimalang@gmail.com

 

Printed by

PT.Frost Yunior (Indonesia)

 

Distributed by Triple Nine Communication and partners.

 

Note : It is prohibited to quote or reproduce part or all of the contents of this book in any way, without the written permission of the publisher. This book is distributed to 150 countries on 4 continents (ASIA, EUROPE, AMERICA, AFRICA) with various publishers and partner distributors. You may find and purchase this book with the triple nine communications partner publisher in your country. You may also find this book published with a different ISBN from the official publications in Singapore and Madrid because partner publishers publish with different versions and with different ISBNs.

Foreword

 

We wrote this book focusing on 8 things that are very vital in managing human resources. We explain these vital things thoroughly and flow like a novel but full of meaning and understanding of human resource management and psychology. Psychology and human resource management are two sciences that can complement each other because in managing human resources, in addition to paying attention to human productivity within the company, it is also necessary to understand the mental and physical conditions of humans working in the company. So that psychology science is very useful in managing human resources within the company. These 8 vitals include:

• Understanding of Human Base on Psychology perspective
• Industrial and Organizational Psychology
• Job Analysis and Evaluation
• Effective Employee Selection Techniques
• Employee Awards and Motivation
• Employee Performance Evaluation
• Employee Training and Development
• Stress Management

We hope that what we have explained in this book can be useful and provide a thorough understanding so that it can help readers understand and manage human resources in business.

 

Best Regard

Dr Eny Lestari Widarni1 & Alejandra García-Ochoa Mora2

 

 

1Dr. Eny Lestari Widarni is an expert and practitioner in the field of human resources, especially human capital. Dr. Eny Lestari Widarni has more than 20 years of experience in managing and developing human resources in Indonesia.

 

2Alejandra García-Ochoa Mora is a professional in Psychology, specialized in clinical psychology by the Autonomous University of Madrid and University of Salamanca (Spain). She is an expert in cognitive-behavior therapy and contextual therapy and also a specialist in learning disabilities. Thus, Alejandra has a bunch of knowledge about human behavior and human development. She has ten years of experience in her field and nowadays works as a psychotherapist online in her on business called Alejandra Ochoa-Psicóloga.

Chapter 1. Understanding of Human Base on Psychology perspective

 

Human and Nature, Photo by Monika Kocman (Slovenia)

 

Every human being is born with different types of personalities. Personality will describe how a person thinks, acts, interacts, and so on. We also need to recognize how our personality is so that the character and potential that exists within us can be optimized. In addition to knowing our own personality, we also need to know the personalities of others around us. This is so that we can understand how we should behave and react to them. Humans grow and develop every day and experience many phases of life from childhood to adulthood. In the process, we often experience various changes, both from the physical form, mindset, to personality. As we know, personality describes who we really are. Then, can this personality change with age?

 

Humans grow and develop every day and experience many phases of life from childhood to adulthood. In the process, we often experience various changes, both from the physical form, mindset, to personality. As we know, personality describes who we really are. Then, can this personality change with age?

 

Personality is a developmental phenomenon, in other words, personality can develop over time. But these changes occur over a long period of time. But personality will still change even if slowly. Although some individuals experience only minor changes in their old lives, in general, the principle of maturity will still occur for everyone. Over time the personality does change progressively and consistently. It all depends on how we respond to these changes as something good or not. Humans are very unique. Each individual has a different character from one another. On the one hand, these differences reflect the diversity that makes each individual has unique characteristics. But on the other hand, differences in human characters are quite difficult in the context of social relations, because it will be difficult to understand each other.

 

A person's character or character is difficult to change because it is a basic trait inherent in each individual. The definition of character or character itself is the inner nature of humans that affects all thoughts, behavior, character, and character. Character shows an individual's behavior that is relatively permanent when interacting with his environment based on knowledge of morals. In their social life, humans are often judged by their character and personality. Two different things but often understood the same. Human character is generally attached to moral norms, while personality has nothing to do with morals. Personality is an essential trait that is reflected in human attitudes that distinguish it from other humans. Although different, character and personality are both the result of interactions between humans and life experiences and the surrounding environment. The character can be formed, while the personality can be changed. Both have a relationship in their influence on human behavior.

 

Humans have different and unique characters. This type of personality will determine how a person behaves every day. Human character or personality can be learned, and humans sometimes have similar characters with one another. Everyone certainly has a different character or personality. It is almost impossible for humans to have the exact same personality type as each other, even twins usually have different personalities. This personality then determines the nature and behavior of a person. It's good for us to know the character of each other and that of others. The purpose of the personality type or self character is to optimize self-change for the better and positive. Meanwhile, knowing a person's personality can help understand the interlocutor in social interactions with the people around him.

 

Knowing about personality types or reading a person's character will make it easier for you to recognize and interact with them. For example, the characters of gen X and gen Y are different so it takes a special ability to recognize their character, so you can build a better relationship with them. Many experts classify human personality into several types. One of them is Hippocrates (Ganiban, 2020). Hippocrates a Greek physician who lived circa 460 370 BC incorporated the four temperaments into his medical theory as part of the ancient medical concept of humorism. According to him, these elements greatly affect the human personality. Hippocrates, who is one of the psychological figures who hold the view that the universe contains several elements, namely dry elements, language, hot and cold elements. Hippocrates revealed that there are 4 types of personality that may be owned by every human being. The four personality types are sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic.

 

The first type of human personality is sanguine. This first type of personality has the element of heat from nature. They have very good traits, which are optimistic, have a great sense of humor, and are also very active. People with a sanguine personality include people who are easy to socialize with and easy to get along with anyone. They have good leadership traits thanks to their dominant personality traits. But just like humans in general, people with this dominant personality have shortcomings, such as giving the impression of being messy, getting bored quickly, looking indifferent so they don't really care about other people. Even so, most sanguine people have high creativity so it's only natural that they have an artistic soul that they can hone very well. Suitable for a career as an artist, as well as an artist or standing on the entertainment stage thanks to their fun demeanor. Despite having a hot personality, people with a sanguine personality type are known to be very lively, aka optimistic, light, cheerful, cheerful, and active. People with this personality type are very adventurous and have a very high tolerance. They are easy to get along with and easily melt a tense atmosphere into a more pleasant one. They are also very confident and trustworthy. They really like entertainment. Therefore, when they are bored, they will look for other variations of entertainment. Unfortunately, sometimes this trait affects their work performance because they quickly get bored and immediately seek a more pleasant distraction. Personality people are known to be very creative and suitable to be artists. They are considered to be successful if they choose a career in the entertainment industry. They are a good fit for jobs in the creative industries because of their natural abilities.

 

The sanguine personality is known as the type of personality that is able to position itself well and adapt quickly. Humans with this type or type of personality have several positive sides as follows:

• Clever in persuasion and want to be famous in the environment.
• Open and happy to talk.
• Easy to adapt to a new environment.
• Friendly, friendly, and able to break a rigid atmosphere.
• Easy to make friends.
• Responsive and humorous.
• Always trying to please others.
• Have a high sense of empathy for people in need.

 

Of these various characteristics, sanguine people tend to be more sociable and spontaneous. For them, enjoying joy is more beneficial than thinking about unimportant things. Therefore, sanguine people do not really see the past and future as a burden. They prefer to enjoy life and spend it with joy. They are even able to channel happiness by making the people around them happy and laughing too. Not only positive traits, but humans with a sanguine personality also have a negative side that becomes their weakness. Some of the negative sides of this personality are as follows:

• Has unstable emotions and tends to be moody.
• Less productive because they are too busy with fun.
• Emotions that tend to be moody affect work, where the results can be optimal if they are in a work environment that they think is fun. On the other hand, when they work in an environment that is not pleasant for them, their work results are less than optimal.
• Exaggerating too much when faced with a problem.
• They like to talk, so they tend to have low discipline.

 

People with a Sanguine personality are optimistic and always enthusiastic individuals. They have a sociable and friendly nature with others, like to speak in public, like attention, are creative, and tend to dominate in groups. No wonder so many people love to be around him. They are also said to be personalities who have an adventurous spirit. But this type does not like to deal with things that are complicated, serious, selfish, and easy to forget. Lack of commitment to common interests. Sanguine, always prioritizing feelings over thoughts is a typical character of the Sanguine type. Always passionate and warm to everyone he met made him loved by many people due to his hospitality. People with sanguine personality types tend to be lively, optimistic, lighthearted, and carefree. This type also likes adventure and has a high tolerance for risk. In addition, sanguine types are usually weak in tolerating boredom and will seek variety and entertainment. Naturally, this trait can sometimes negatively affect relationships and other things. Because of this fun-seeking personality, many people with a sanguine personality tend to struggle with addiction (craving something constantly). Sanguine people are also known to be very creative and can make great artists and entertainers and will be successful if they choose a career in the entertainment industry. Sanguine's natural ability is very suitable when choosing a job related to marketing, travel, fashion, cooking/culinary, or sports.

 

The second type of human personality is phlegmatic. People with phlegmatic personalities are said to love peace and are neutral in every situation and do not like to take sides with one side. They will always try to avoid conflict with anyone. In addition, people with this personality also enjoy helping others. A phlegmatic can also be a good listener, has a sense of humor, easy to get along with, has lots of friends, and doesn't like complicated things. This type is more likely to be mediocre and less interested in new things. Someone with a phlegmatic personality seems to be unquestionably loyal. The phlegmatic personality is relaxed, friendly, enthusiastic, organized, and full of calm. This calm nature is because they bring the cold element from nature. The phlegmatic personality also has an intimate personality so that he has very good relationships with others and likes friendship, family love, and neighbors. People with this trait are also very patient and gentle so they are suitable for participating in social activities. The phlegmatic personality tends to avoid conflict and always tries to mediate with others. They like to seek interpersonal harmony and close relationships with other people. This is what makes them a loyal type of partner and can be a loving parent. People with phlegmatic personalities also like to keep in touch with old friends, distant family, and even neighbors. People with phlegmatic personalities who don't like violence and always love peace are the hallmarks of a phlegmatic. A phlegmatic is also someone who often spreads happiness through his witty humor to make other people happy too.

 

The phlegmatic personality type is almost similar to melancholy. However, phlegmatics are more open in the sense that they are willing to blend in with the crowd. While melancholy tend to seem closed off and feel more comfortable in solitude. Phlegmatic humans are people with personalities who like peace. They do not like and tend to avoid conflict. Therefore, they are still willing to carry out orders even though they actually don't like it. When faced with a problem, they try to find a peaceful solution that can reduce the possibility of conflict. Even more extreme, they don't mind if they have to suffer pain or suffer losses as long as the problems they face can be resolved immediately. Here are some positive sides that are the advantages of phlegmatic people:

• Not very talkative but wise.
• Their peace-loving nature makes them good intermediaries.
• Enjoy doing the same thing over and over without feeling bored.
• Has high concern and empathy for the people around him.
• Able to work well even under pressure.
• Good at hiding emotions.

 

Meanwhile, the negative traits inherent in people with phlegmatic personalities which are also their weaknesses are as follows:

• His dislike of conflict actually creates a tendency to avoid problems.
• Happy to postpone and hang problems that exist in the hope that the problem can be resolved by itself.
• Not willing to confront other people directly, so reluctant to involve themselves in something.
• Lack of assertiveness as a leader.

 

A person with a phlegmatic personality is usually a peace-loving person. This type usually seeks interpersonal harmony and close relationships that make phlegmatic people loyal partners and loving parents. Phlegmatic people like to keep in touch with old friends, distant family members, and neighbors. In terms of personality, the phlegmatic type tends to avoid conflict and always tries to mediate with others to restore peace and harmony. Phlegmatics are also very fond of charity and helping others. The bad nature of a phlegmatic is that he often harbors problems because he feels bad for other people. In making decisions, he also often takes a long time because he has to put other people first. Although they have an element of cold personality, they also like to help others. They also have a patient and gentle character. People with this personality are said to be suitable to work in service fields such as nurses, teachers, psychologists, or public services.

 

The third type of human personality is choleric. Choleric is known as an intelligent personality type and always puts forward logic. Choleric is known as a personality type that has enthusiasm and is always optimistic. People with Choleric personality are also said to be stubborn and easily angered. They are also often impatient and like commotion to fights that end in fights. People with Choleric personalities are also said to be stubborn, irritable, and strong-willed towards what they want. They also don't like small talk and prefer to do things on their own. They are said to be only comfortable being with people who share similar interests. A person with a choleric personality is said to have the ability to make good decisions. Choleric people are also able to self-regulate and have good goals for the future. They are productive people and like freedom in their life. This personality is quite attractive, has a dry element so it is a little emotional and stubborn. Other traits that dominate include having the ability to think logically so that every decision taken will go through a process of careful consideration.

 

Humans who have a choleric type of personality tend to be suitable as leaders. The leadership spirit possessed is an innate trait or talent. That is, the leadership trait inherent in the personality of a choleric is very strong. Humans with choleric personalities generally have the following characteristics:

• Dynamic spirit, assertive, optimistic, likes to lead, always challenged by change, and a good decision-maker.
• Full of passion in the sense of wanting to work hard to achieve a predetermined target.
• Dare to face various challenges and problems.
• Able to solve problems practically and quickly.
• Able to learn from experience, what is happening now can be used as a lesson in the future.
• Able to define mission and vision well.
• Reliable in all conditions and situations.

 

Of these various characteristics that underlie a person with a choleric personality to become a leader. There are many positive traits that are the hallmarks of someone with a choleric personality type. A person with a choleric personality is always enthusiastic and never gives up. Choleric people are visionaries and hard workers. Therefore, people with this personality do not give up easily despite repeated failures. They are not easily discouraged and have a strong opinion until they reach the goals they set. Every failure experienced can be used as a lesson for self-improvement and strategies to move on to the next stage. A person with a choleric personality is able to set clear targets It is undeniable that a choleric man does have an advantage in leading. His extraordinary spirit encourages him to never give up against all the obstacles and problems he faces. Choleric people are not the type of people who avoid problems, on the contrary, dare to face and solve problems. In an effort to solve problems, they are able to set clear targets so that the problem-solving process becomes more focused.

 

A person with a choleric personality has a high level of self-confidence. What happens if a leader is fickle and insecure? Definitely not authoritative. But this trait is not the nature of a choleric man. People with choleric personalities actually have such high self-confidence. Not too concerned with what other people say, but also not indifferent to input and even criticism. High self-confidence has an impact on firmness instance and everything that has been decided. A person with a choleric personality has high work productivity. A visionary choleric man clearly has many goals and dreams that he wants to realize in his life. They tend to apply the principle of time is money, so that the time they have will not be wasted, but is used to do something that provides benefits, both now and in the future. For this reason, choleric people tend to be more productive than people with other personality types. Behind the positive traits, choleric humans also have negative traits. At the extreme point, they can become a dictator who always wants to appear dominant and does not want to be under other people. Another negative trait, choleric humans can be powerful, domineering, and manipulative figures. This personality type usually describes someone who is very goal-oriented. People with the choleric personality type are well known for their analytical, logical, practical, and direct attitude and are known to be very intelligent. People with this choleric personality do not always make good friends or friendly people because they prefer to be alone than to be in the company of weak personalities. People with choleric personalities also often dislike short conversations and really enjoy deep and meaningful conversations. People with the choleric personality type ideally like to spend time with people who share their professional interests. There are several jobs that are suitable for a choleric, namely jobs related to the industry such as management, technology, statistics, engineering, and programming. A person with a choleric personality is usually a very goal-oriented person.

 

Choleric people are known to be very intelligent, analytical, and logical, very practical, and direct, but this type doesn't have to be a good friend or friendly person. A choleric dislikes short talk and enjoys deep and meaningful conversation. They prefer to be alone than in a company with weak personalities. Ideally, this type likes to spend time with people who share similar professional interests. People with the Choleric type are said to be more suited to work in the fields of management, technology, statistics, business, engineering, or programming. Choleric personality is suitable to be a leader because of his ability to make decisions carefully to have a positive impact on the work he does. People with a choleric personality, including people with a meticulous personality, and have a focus on work, rationality, and detail. Naturally, if they have more careers in technology, programming, engineering, accounting, and things that are quite complicated.

 

The fourth type of human personality is Melancholy. Unlike the Sanguine, people with Melancholic personalities are introverts. They are generally easy-going, thoughtful, and don't really like crowds. They also sometimes underestimate themselves, when in reality they are not that bad. However, people with this personality have some interesting advantages. Someone with a melancholic personality type is said to have a perfectionist nature, cares about the environment, is very detailed, and thinks analytically. A melancholy is known to be very intelligent and suitable to be an entrepreneur. They always focus on the process rather than the goal. People with this personality type are said to be suitable to work in the field of management, accounting, or administration.

 

Grammatically, melancholy is defined as a state of being sluggish, quiet, gloomy, wistful, sad, and gloomy. In line with this understanding, people with melancholic personality types according to Florence Littauer are people who tend to be introverted or closed and find it difficult to develop in their social environment. On the other hand, they are also thinkers who prefer to think things through before doing them. Melancholic people tend to be pessimistic or think in a negative direction. Melancholic people tend to be motivated to work with perfect results. Every job is always done as well as possible, even though the type of work is relatively trivial.

 

His introverted nature makes melancholic people not happy to be the center of attention. They will be more comfortable and feel their own satisfaction if they work behind or behind the scenes. Melancholic people are able to analyze deeply when faced with a job. Their way of thinking is systematic so that they are able to detail each stage to complete the work, including potential obstacles that may arise and be faced. People with melancholic personalities are easily touched by the conditions of the people around them. They also have sensitive feelings. Therefore, they are good listeners, so they can be a good place to 'vent'.

 

The nature of self-sacrifice is owned by those with a melancholic personality. They will prioritize the interests of others over their own. They are people who are loyal and ready to sacrifice for the people who are important to them. Behind the positive traits of melancholy, there are also tucked negative traits. Melancholic people are slow to pick up on humorous things. This makes it difficult for them to socialize informally. Even though they are perfectionists, melancholic people also lack confidence in making decisions, so they are indecisive and need the opinion or approval of others before making a decision.

 

People with Melancholic personalities often feel worried and give up easily. But the strength of Melancholy is someone who is analytical and very creative. Even so, the Melancholy sometimes often underestimates themselves which in reality they are not that bad. People with melancholic personalities love tradition. For example, women cook for men, men open doors for women. The average melancholic type loves his family and friends, unlike sanguine people. Melancholics do not like to seek new things and adventures and even tend to avoid them very much. Melancholic people are also known to be very social and seek to contribute to the community, very thorough and accurate. This type is a fantastic manager with a great personality. The perfect careers for the melancholic personality type include management, accounting, social work, or administration. The melancholic personality type is sensitive, determined, and serious. They often worry about the future, so they are slow in making decisions. On the positive side, they have a high social spirit, love their family very much, and for the family is number one. People with melancholic personality types are usually the type of people who love family and friends. Melancholy doesn't really like new things or adventure, aka prefer tradition. Melancholic personality types tend to refuse to work out of town or abroad because they are reluctant to be away from their home and loved ones. Regarding social life, the melancholic personality type is the champion. This type of person is known to be very trying to contribute to the community and has a high social spirit. They also have good personalities and are very thorough and accurate. Jobs that are suitable for these people and personalities are such as social workers, nurses, and others.

 

Based on the definition and point of view of psychologists, it is revealed about personality types. Changes in personality do not occur spontaneously but are the result of maturation, experience, pressure from the socio-cultural environment, and individual factors. Some psychologists divide personality types differ from each other, and this difference is caused by the point of view from which research on personality begins or is based on certain factors that also differ from one expert to another. A Swiss psychologist named Carl Gustav Jung classified human personality into several types. Carl Gustav has his own view in distinguishing every human personality. He revealed that there are several types of human personality, namely introverts, extroverts, and ambiverts (Jung & Adler,2014).

 

Psychology is a discipline that studies more deeply about the mind, mentality, and human behavior. This science will examine the flow of human thought. In addition, this science also examines the reasons behind human actions and behavior. Therefore, psychology is often used to find solutions or solve the right problem. Especially in a number of complex human activities. Psychology is the science of the human mind. More fully, psychology is a discipline that studies more deeply mental, mind, and human behavior. This psychology will examine the flow of human thought and the reasons behind human actions. Psychology allows people to better understand how the body and mind can work together. This knowledge can help in making decisions and avoiding stressful situations. Psychology can also help in time management, setting goals, and living effectively.

 

The science of personality seems far from the reach of exact science. The person is another horizon that has been the working area of psychology, a mental science whose complexity cannot be simplified mathematically. Thus, the main procedure of psychology's work is to talk, between patient and psychologist, openly down the long road of self-growth. Carl Gustav Jung explained that humans have an identifiable archetype. In a sense, humans have certain similarities that can be categorized. As a human being, understanding yourself is very important to know what you like and what you don't like to know how to properly manage your own emotions. Therefore, it is necessary to know some types of personality in order to know yourself more.

 

The first type of personality according to Carl Gustav is introvert. Introvert personality is a personality type that is self-focused and prefers to be alone. They tend to be more involved in their own thoughts and world. People with introverted personalities have a higher level of concentration, like to tell stories, are independent, but have difficulty socializing, and are shy. Introverts are personality types that tend to focus on themselves. You could say, introverts have a mind and a world of their own. For their characteristics, introverts usually prefer to be closed to their surroundings, difficult to socialize, shy, and as much as possible doing things alone. Introverts are usually shown to someone who is quiet and rarely interacts socially. Introverts are actually personalities who are more focused on themselves. That's why they need time to be alone and don't interact socially if they don't need it. They can be close and talkative, but only in a small circle of friends. They

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Verlag: BookRix GmbH & Co. KG

Tag der Veröffentlichung: 04.07.2021
ISBN: 978-3-7487-8724-2

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