Introduction to Internet Protocol model

INTERNET

Internet was a stock it would be considered a market phenomenon, with sustained doubling growth and no apparent end in sight to the upward spiral. Recent Internet numbers are stunning. Between January 1993 and January 1994 alone, the number of nodes grew from 1,313,00 to 2,217,000, an impressive 69% increase. Over 70 countries have full Internet connectivity and about 150 have at least E-mail services. No discussion of telecommunications would be complete without discussing the Internet, referred to by its millions of users as the Net. The Net evolved from ARPANET, a research network created and subsidized in the 1960s by the Defense Department and the National Science Foundation (NSF) to link research institutions and government agencies around the world to exchange information on a wide range of topics. Although the original ARPANET no longer exists, its design and architecture laid the foundations for the Internet.

The Net, one of the oldest long distance networks in the country, is a network of networks. It links approximately 1.5 million computers, attached to more than 13,000 networks, in 100 or more countries. The Internet is an effective form of use of media for dissemination of geographic information systems of high-level and related mapping services.

Businesses use the Net for a number of tasks, such as sharing files, sending E-mail, and selling goods and services. Less than 1% of major companies today are not attached to the Internet. In fact, the Internet has become such an integral part of the corporate landscape that it is generating a number of entrepreneurial opportunities and highly specialized jobs: there are Internet explorers, security experts, technicians, librarians, trainers, and other service providers. In fact, the Internet is becoming so common that many employers expect their new hires to have a working knowledge of it.

Think of the Internet as a huge repository of information on almost every topic imaginable. People all over the world can search the net for information; add new information, and exchange views on different topics. The Internet is an electronic web that connects people and businesses that have access to networks and allows them to send and receive E-mail and to participate in a number of other activities, around the clock. In fact, the Internet is so huge, with such a wide variety of features, that there are few, if any, experts in the world who know everything about it.

Thus in spite of its enormous power and potential, no one really owns the Internet, although some segments of it may have their own funding and guidelines. The primary workings of the Internet are funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF); the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a committee of scientists and experts, provides technical supervision, standards, and guidelines for the Net. Any network connected to the Internet must abide by the standards established by the Internet Architecture Board. (IAB).

Internet Protocol

IP is a network layer protocol. IP provides for the transfer of a basic unit of information referred to as a datagram. In doing so, IP operates as an unreliable, connectionless protocol. Although your first reaction when reading those terms is to have heartburn when considering the use of IP, they are not as bad as the words imply. First, although IP provides an unreliable transmission method, the term should be viewed in the context that delivery is not guaranteed. This means that queuing delays or other problems can result in the loss of data; however, higher layers in the protocol suite, such as TCP, can provide error detection and correction, which results in the retransmission of IP datagrams. Here the term datagram is used to represent a unit of data, or a portion of a single message. Second the term connectionless references the fact that each datagram is treated independently from preceding and succeeding datagrams. This means that IP does not require a connection to be established between source and destination prior to transferring the first datagram or succeeding datagrams.

The routing of datagrams through a network can occur over different paths, with some datagrams arriving out of sequence from the order transmitted. In addition, as datagrams flow between networks, they encounter physical limitations imposed on the amount of data that can be transported based on the transport mechanism used to move data on the network. For example, the information field in an Ethernet frame is limited to 1,500 bytes. Thus, as a datagram flows between networks, it may have to be fragmented into two or more datagrams to be transported through different networks to their ultimate destination. For example, consider the transfer of a 12,000-byte file from a file server, connected to a token ring network, to a workstation connected to an Ethernet LAN via a pair of routers providing a connection between the two local area networks. A 4MBPS token ring LAN can support a maximum size of the Information field of 4,500 bytes in a frame, whereas the maximum size of the Information field in an Ethernet frame is 1,500 bytes. In addition, depending on the protocol used on the wide area network connection between routers, the information field might be limited to between 512 and 1,024 byte, thus, the IP protocol must break up the file transfer into a series of datagrams whose size is acceptable for transmission between networks. Upon receipt at the destination, each datagram must be put back into its correct sequence so that the file can be correctly reformed. The routing of two datagrams from workstation A on a token ring network to server B connected to an Ethernet LAN. Since the routing of datagrams is a connectionless service, no call setup is required, which enhances transmission efficiency. In comparison, when TCP is used, it provides a connection-oriented service regardless of 2the lower-layer delivery system.

TCP requires the establishment of a virtual circuit in which a temporary path is developed between source and destination, this path is

Impressum

Verlag: BookRix GmbH & Co. KG

Texte: YASHPAL SINGH
Bildmaterialien: YASHPAL SINGH
Cover: YASHPAL SINGH
Lektorat: YASHPAL SINGH
Übersetzung: YASHPAL SINGH
Satz: YASHPAL SINGH
Tag der Veröffentlichung: 29.10.2018
ISBN: 978-3-7438-8487-8

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Widmung:
The contents of this book represent a series of lectures given in the engineering level class on Internet & Web Technology. We have great pleasure in presenting the First edition of this book. “ INTERNET & WEB TECHNOLOGY ” is a core subject for B-Tech, BE, BSc, MCA, BCA and Diploma Students for interring the computer technology.