PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
BY
RITTIK CHANDRA
Published by:
RITTIK CHANDRA
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Chapter 1: Personality
"If everyone perceived everything the same way, things would be a lot simpler.”
-Moorhead &Griffin-
Personality:
Personality represents a whole person. Individuals differ from each other on the basis of personality. Personality refers to the set of traits and behaviors that characterize an individual.
According to Fred Luthans, “Personality will mean how people affect others and how they understand and view themselves, as well as their pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person-situation interaction.”
Thus, personality refers to the sum total of internal and external traits of an individual, which are relatively stable and which make the individual different from others.
Personality Theories:
The theories of Personality are many and most important of them are the following:
Type Theory
Trait Factor Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
Social Learning Theory-
Humanistic Approach- Rogers Self Theory and Maslow‟s Self Actualization Theory
Type Theory – According to type theories, people are grouped into identifiable. One basis for classifying personalities is the structure of the body. Krestchmer and Sheldon are credited with this classification. In type theories, a relationship was sought to be established between features of face or body and personality. Thus, a short, plump person was said to be sociable, relaxed and eventempered; a tall, thin person was characterized as restrained, self-conscious, and ford of solitude; a heavy-set muscular individual was described as noisy, callous and fond of physical activity.
Although a person‟s physique may have some influence on personality, the relationship is more subtle than this sort of classification implied. Thus, classification of personalities on a physical basis is subjective. Type theories are simple and popular but carry no substance.
Another basis for classifying personalities is psychological factors. The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung credited for it. He basically divided personalities into introverts and extroverts. These terms are normally associated with an individual‟s sociability and interpersonal orientation. Extroverts are gregarious, sociable individuals, while introverts are shy, quiet, and retiring. Typing personalities on psychological factors into introverts and extroverts, though looks simple, serves not much of a purpose as many people fall between the two extremes.
Type theories are simple as they are based on physical attributes psychological factors for categorization of personalities. But the theories fail to reveal all complexities of a personality.
Trait Factor/Trait Theory- The theory classifies individuals on the basis of their traits. A trait is known as unique set of variables which differentiates one from another in a relatively permanent or consistent way. In our routine we use such terms like; friendly, helpful, shy, loud, smart, hard-hearted etc to define people. Therefore, a trait of an individual is abstracted from his behavior, and serves an useful „unit of analysis‟ to understand personality. In many ways, the trait theory is a multiple model of the type theory. Rather than classifying person by just one feature, the trait theory classifies people‟s personality by a set of features. Trait theorists assume that a personality can be described by its position on a number of continuous dimensions or scales, each of which represents a trait. Two major Theorists named Cattell and Allport contributed in a trait theory. Cattell selected 171 words that can be used to describe personality. Using
Impressum
Verlag: BookRix GmbH & Co. KG
Texte: RITTIK CHANDRA
Bildmaterialien: RITTIK CHANDRA
Lektorat: RITTIK CHANDRA
Tag der Veröffentlichung: 12.07.2013
ISBN: 978-3-7309-3683-2
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Widmung:
TO THE YOUTH OF THE WORLD